London. UK. Human Rights at Sea today issues a new civil society policy briefing critically reviewing EU Member States and the European Border and Coastguard Agency (Frontex) policies and practices in undertaking search and rescue operations in the Mediterranean Sea.

The Brief titled ‘Crossing the Mediterranean Sea: Searched for but not Rescued’ authored by Dr. Farzaneh Shakeri (Ph.D.) and Human Rights at Sea finds that the Central and Eastern Mediterranean continues to be for an increasing number of migrants and refugees the only way to reach safety. These people who risk their lives attempting the perilous sea crossings are instead pushed back to their unsafe point of departure, drown and disappear at sea, as well as on land within the broken detention and relocation systems that are unfit for purpose.

1,589 died or went missing in the Mediterranean Sea in 2021, a 26% increase from 2020, UNHCR reports. These statistics do not however account for those migrants who set out for Europe, either from Libya or Turkey, but who were halfway pulled back by the Libyan Coast Guard or pushed back by the Greek authorities. Those people who are pulled back by the Libyan Coast Guard are subject to systematic violations of their human rights, including rape and torture, as survivors testify.

For the second year in a row, EU Member States continue to refuse to designate their ports as places of safety for disembarkation of rescued people using the COVID pandemic as a pretext while they seek to demonize and criminalize civil society search and rescue (SAR) organizations who save lives at sea.

Frontex

Frontex, the EU Border, and Coast Guard Agency is also facing serious accusations of prioritizing EU border management over human life contributing to pushback and pullback practices in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean. 2020 – 2021 have witnessed the initiation of investigations by the European Parliament, European Ombudsman, and European Court of Auditors into the work of Frontex. Frontex is also being taken to the Court of Justice of the European Union, under two independent complaints, for its non-compliance with human rights and rule of law.

The proposed EU Pact 

The New Pact on Migration and Asylum legitimizes the criminalization of NGOs and individuals engaged in SAR activities and does not offer a revised common policy towards search and rescue at the EU level. It explicitly endorses the outsourcing of EU border management by giving funding to Turkey and Libya and other transit countries and only incidentally may, ‘as an add-on, contribute to saving lives at sea’ but this is not the priority.

While the New Pact is yet to pass through the final adoption phase, and while two cases against Frontex are pending before the Court of Justice of the European Union, Human Rights at Sea suggests the following 10 EU policy recommendations:

1. The EU must require its member States to respond to search and rescue needs in accordance with their international legal obligations;

2. The EU must explicitly ban and sanction any criminalization and unfounded administrative proceedings against those organizations and individuals engaged in humanitarian assistance;

3. The EU must cease providing aid and assistance through financing the Libyan Coast Guard and Turkey in the knowledge that such aid is subsequently used for the purposes of violating human rights;

4. Frontex must stop sharing information with the Libyan Coast Guard and facilitating push/pullback practices in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean;

5. The EU and its Member States must declare Libya as an unsafe place for the purposes of disembarkation following rescue and must prohibit EU-flagged vessels from disembarking in Libya;

6. The EU must ensure that any search and rescue operation carried out by the Libyan Coast Guard leads to disembarkation in an EU member State;

7. The EU must put an end to the EU–Turkey deal and its blanket return scheme;

8. The EU must amend its relocation scheme established in the proposed New Pact and set up a system which ensures a compulsory fair and swift relocation of rescued migrants after disembarkation;

9. The EU must ensure that Frontex fulfills its legal duties to protect fundamental human rights and has an independent, neutral, and efficient internal complaint system;

10. The EU must secure a fair and effective control mechanism, which holds Frontex accountable for any violation of fundamental human rights;

Dr. Elizabeth Mavropoulou, Head of Research at Human Rights at Sea says “we urge the EU and its Member States to implement the recommendations we have laid out. Human lives are being lost on a daily basis because of the inaction of states to live up to their obligations under international law. We cannot allow states to continue to turn a blind eye to the desperate situation taking place at sea.”